Factors associated with the increase in violence against women during the Covid-19 lockdown in South Africa

Abstract

This study examines the key drivers that contributed to the increase in violence against women (VAW) during the Covid-19 Lockdown in South Africa. Through a systematic review it identifies and analyzes the factors associated with the reported escalation in incidents of violence in the household. The findings show that isolation and barriers to reporting, economic instability and financial dependency, mental health challenges, substance use, and socially accepted patriarchal and religious norms significantly influenced the increased risk of violence of women during the lockdown. Restrictions on movement and lack of social support systems left many victims trapped with their abusers, while financial dependence and job losses forced some women to remain in violent households. Food insecurity and economic hardship further exacerbated stress and conflict, leading to an increase in violence in the household. Alcohol bans and substance withdrawal also intensified household tensions, contributing to the frequency and severity of violence. Additionally, heightened psychological distress, including anxiety and depression, affected both victims and perpetrators, reinforcing cycles of abuse. Cultural and religious beliefs also played a role, as patriarchal norms discouraged women from seeking help or leaving abusive relationships and some religious beliefs and teachings silenced victims from speaking out about their abuse. The study highlights the need for a comprehensive response that includes economic relief measures, strengthened social support systems, accessible mental health services and culturally sensitive interventions in communities. Future research should focus on the need for additional protective mechanisms and increasing education around the factors associated with the increase in violence in these communities.